Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

Is N‐feedback involved in the regulation of nitrogenase activity in Medicago truncatula?

To determine whether senescing leaves provoke an active nitrogen (N) remobilization that results in the reduction of nitrogenase activity, 60% of Medicago truncatula lower leaves were either darkened or individually excised for two weeks. Although a considerable amount of N was remobilized, N₂ fixation activity was found to be increased to maintain the N source/sink balance, indicating an absence of the negative N‐feedback regulation of nitrogenase activity in the senescing M. truncatula.     

不同温度下TMV侵染枯斑三生烟的LncRNA差异表达

【目的】 筛选不同温度下烟草花叶病毒（Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV）侵染后枯斑三生烟（Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun NN）差异表达的长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）,研究lncRNA在枯斑三生烟抗性反应中的作用。【方法】 N基因的温度敏感性使枯斑三生烟在25℃时具备对TMV的抗性、在31℃抗性丧失,在这两个温度条件下对枯斑三生烟接种TMV和磷酸盐缓冲盐水（phosphate buffered saline,PBS）,48 h后提取系统叶总RNA,构建链特异性文库后进行深度测序。对测序结果进行过滤后利用HTSeq将有效数据与近缘品种TN90（N. tabacum var. TN90）基因组比对,筛选得到lncRNA后利用FPKM法估计lncRNA的表达水平。通过edgeR筛选差异表达lncRNA（differentially expressed lncRNA,DElncRNA）,并利用qRT-PCR技术对这一结果进行验证。通过共定位及共表达分析预测DElncRNA的靶基因,通过参考基因组注释、GO和KEGG富集分析研究靶基因的功能。【结果】 4个处理共12个样本经lncRNA-seq各测得约8 000万条clean reads,共获得4 737条已知lncRNA、40 169条新lncRNA。其中64个lncRNA在不同温度条件下TMV侵染后存在差异表达,qRT-PCR测定结果显示这些lncRNA的测序正确率在80%左右,表明本研究所得测序数据具备较高的可信度。对DElncRNA进行靶基因预测,发现一些基因同时被25℃下调和31℃上调的DElncRNA靶向。靶基因注释功能丰富,主要参与植物抗病、激素和代谢等生理过程。部分可能与激素通路相关的lncRNA,在25℃下TMV侵染时呈现下调趋势,而在31℃下TMV侵染则呈现上调趋势。GO富集分析显示靶基因主要参与构成膜、囊泡等组分,具备钙、钾离子通道抑制剂活性等分子功能,使相应离子得以转运引发随后的反应,同时也参与发病、抗原加工和呈现、细胞分裂素代谢等生理过程。KEGG分析发现靶基因显著富集在植物激素信号转导通路,25℃下调和31℃上调的DElncRNA靶基因同时富集在激素信号传导、ABC运输蛋白、苯丙烷类生物合成等通路。【结论】 不同温度（25℃和31℃）条件下TMV侵染枯斑三生烟后,长链非编码RNA差异表达,DElncRNA通过作用于激素信号传导、物质转运等过程参与寄主系统获得性抗性反应。研究结果可为揭示植物系统获得性抗性中lncRNA的调控功能以及新型抗病毒技术开发提供依据。     

不同根系分泌物对土壤N2O排放及同位素特征值的影响

【目的】探究植物根系分泌的主要组分（有机酸、氨基酸、糖类）对土壤N₂O排放及其微生物过程的影响,为选择适宜的植物进而控制土壤N₂O排放提供支撑。【方法】通过室内试验分别添加草酸、丝氨酸、葡萄糖于土壤中模拟根系的3种主要分泌物,每种分泌物设置两个浓度水平：低浓度（150 μg C·d ^-1）和高浓度（300 μg C·d ^-1）,另设置添加蒸馏水的对照组,共7个处理。将土壤置于120 mL玻璃瓶中进行培养,24 h内采集气体样品7次,每次培养2 h,获取N₂O排放速率、日累积排放量和同位素特征值（δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP（site preference,SP=δ ¹⁵N ^α-δ ¹⁵N ^β））。【结果】添加3种根系分泌物组分后,土壤N₂O排放速率均逐渐升高,且均高于对照。高浓度处理组N₂O累积排放量为：葡萄糖（（3.2±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（2.6±0.5）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>草酸（（1.4±0.2）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理,低浓度处理组为：草酸（（2.7±1.3）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>丝氨酸（（1.8±0.4）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理>葡萄糖（（1.6±0.8）mg·kg ^-1·d ^-1）处理;添加根系分泌物的不同处理间土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值无明显差异,并稳定在24.1‰—25.6‰,且均显著高于对照（（20.1±1.5）‰）;土壤N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值与添加根系分泌物的种类有关,其中草酸处理组为（-20.06±2.22）‰、丝氨酸处理组为（-22.33±1.10）‰、葡萄糖处理组为（-13.86±1.11）‰、对照组为（-23.14±3.72）‰。各处理土壤N₂O的SP值的变化范围为13.13‰—15.03‰,根系分泌物浓度越高,SP值越低。综合分析不同处理4个指标（N₂O排放速率、N₂O的δ ¹⁵N ^bulk、δ ¹⁸O和SP值）的不同时刻的检测值与日均值的校正系数,添加根系分泌物后第16小时各处理4个指标的校正系数最接近于1。【结论】在NH+ 4-300 mg N·kg ^-1的土壤环境下根系分泌物促进N₂O的排放,且在培养期间（24 h）土壤N₂O排放速率逐渐升高。高浓度处理组葡萄糖对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强,低浓度处理组草酸对土壤N₂O排放速率促进效果最强。与对照组相比,根系分泌物的添加使N₂O的δ ¹⁸O值显著升高;与对照组相比,葡萄糖的添加使δ ¹⁵N ^bulk值显著升高。根系分泌物浓度越高,反硝化作用对N₂O的贡献越大。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒E2蛋白纳米抗体筛选及反应原性检测

通过噬菌体展示技术筛选牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)重组E2蛋白特异性纳米抗体,验证纳米抗体反应原性。使用BVDV灭活疫苗免疫羊驼,分别在第0、21、49及70天采集全血,测得抗体效价后分离全血中淋巴细胞,提取总RNA,反转录后PCR扩增目的片段。目的片段和pCANTAB5E使用限制性内切酶酶切连接后转至TG1感受态细胞中,应用噬菌体展示技术构建VHH噬菌体展示文库。再经过3轮"吸附-洗脱-筛选"后得到与BVDV-E2结合的噬菌体,用ELISA鉴定其反应性。结果获得插入率为90.8%,库容为1.02×107 CFU/mL的文库。ELISA结果和序列分析显示,得到2条与E2蛋白具有良好反应性的纳米抗体且与VHH同源性较高的序列。研究结果为BVDV的防控和新型疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

NRF2 attenuates oxidative stress and lysosomal dysfunction in doxorubicin-induced H9C2 cells

AIM:To study the effect of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) on oxidative stress injury and lysosomal dysfunction in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced rat myocardial H9C2 cells. METHODS:The H9C2 cells were treated with DOX. The expression of NRF2 at mRNA and protein levels was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. The H9C2 cells stably over-expressing NRF2 were established by lentiviral infection. Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to identify the efficiency of over-expression. After DOX treatment, the cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cell supernatant were detected. FITC-dextran was used to analyze lysosomal pH, and the protein expression of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and cathepsin B was determined by Western blot.RESULTS:The expression of NRF2 at mRNA and protein levels in DOX-treated H9C2 cells was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Over-expression of NRF2 significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of NRF2 in DOX-treated H9C2 cells (P<0.05). After DOX treatment, the cell viability was decreased, and LDH activity was increased. The activity of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT was decreased, and the content of MDA was increased (P<0.05). The lysosomal pH was increased, and the protein expression of LAMP1 and cathepsin B decreased (P<0.05). Over-expression of NRF2 increased the cell viability, decreased LDH activity, increased the activity of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, and decreased the content of MDA in cell supernatant (P<0.05). Over-expression of NRF2 also decreased the lysosomal pH, and increased the protein expression of LAMP1 and cathepsin B (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:DOX inhibits the expression of NRF2 in the myocardial H9C2 cells. Over-expression of NRF2 attenuates oxidative stress and lysosomal dysfunction in the H9C2 cells induced by DOX.